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Oil and gas upstream refers to the exploration and production of oil and gas. It is the first stage in the process of extracting these resources from the earth. This process includes drilling, extracting, and transporting the oil and gas to refineries, where it is processed into usable products.

The upstream process begins with exploration. Companies use seismic technology to map out the subsurface of the earth and identify potential reserves of oil and gas. This is followed by drilling operations, which involve drilling a well into the ground to access the resources. Once the resource is located, it is extracted using a variety of methods, such as hydraulic fracturing, horizontal drilling, and steam flooding.

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Once the resource is extracted, it is transported to refineries, where it is processed into usable products. This process involves separating the different components of the oil and gas, such as the light and heavy fractions. The light fractions are further refined into products such as gasoline, diesel, and propane. The heavier fractions are processed into products such as asphalt, lubricants, and petrochemicals.

The upstream process is a key part of the oil and gas industry, as it is responsible for locating, extracting, and transporting the resources. It is a costly and complex process, as it requires the use of advanced technology, specialized personnel, and significant capital. As such, companies must have a thorough understanding of the process in order to be successful.